THEMA: Discrete Semiconductors: Leading Electronic Compon

Technology evolves because of discrete semiconductors, the foundational components of modern electronics. In contrast to integrated circuits (ICs), these standalone semiconductor devices perform specific electronic functions independently. For an understanding of the impact of discrete semiconductors on the electronic landscape, it is essential that one understands their intricacies.

Discrete Semiconductors: The Basics

Electronic systems are built around discrete semiconductors that shape electrical currents and perform various functions. These components are manufactured from semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium. These materials have the unique characteristic of being able to control the flow of electrical current.

There are various types of discrete semiconductors based on their arrangement of atoms and electrons. The arrangement determines their behavior and functionality, which makes them suitable for a variety of applications.

Diodes: One-Way Current Streets

A diode is among the most fundamental and widely used discrete semiconductors. Current flows in only one direction in these devices, exhibiting a low resistance in the forward direction (forward bias) and a high resistance in the reverse direction (reverse bias). As a result, they are ideal for power supplies and signal demodulation because they can rectify alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).

Various types of diodes are available, each designed for a specific application:

A rectifier diode converts AC to DC by allowing current to flow in only one direction.

In displays, indicators, and lighting, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light when a current passes through them.

For voltage regulation and protection circuits, Zener diodes maintain a constant voltage across their terminals.

The Schottky diode offers low forward voltage drop and fast switching, making it suitable for high-frequency applications.

Signals are amplified and switched by transistors

Basically, transistors are semiconductor devices that can amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power. They are essential components of digital and analog circuits that control the flow of current.

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is further divided into NPN and PNP transistors, each with unique characteristics and applications. BJTs are essential for amplification and switching.

High-frequency applications, digital circuits, and power switching rely on Field-Effect Transistors (FETs), including MOSFETs and JFETs.

Modern electronics depend on transistors, which facilitate the operation of computers, telecommunication devices, audio amplifiers, and many other devices.

Thyristors: Controlling Power Flow

A thyristor is a semiconductor device that controls electrical current flow as a bistable switch. Their extensive applications include controlling power flow in AC circuits, as well as lighting and power regulation. There are two main types of thyristors: Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) and Triodes for Alternating Current (TRIACs).

In AC circuits, SCRs are used for power regulation and control.

A TRIAC (Triode for Alternating Current) controls and switches AC power, commonly used in dimmer switches and other applications that require precise AC power modulation.

Triacs: AC Power Modulation

In dimmer switches, motor speed control, and other situations where precise AC power modulation is needed, triacs are bidirectional semiconductor devices critical to controlling AC power. It has been shown that triacs improve efficiency and performance in a variety of electronic devices by effectively managing power flow.